Aplastic anemia 

Aplastic anemia is a type of blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the bone marrow. This leads to anemia (a decrease in red blood cells), increased susceptibility to infections (due to a decrease in white blood cells), and an increased risk of bleeding (due to a decrease in platelets).

The cause of aplastic anemia is not always clear, but it can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, viral infections, certain medications, or other medical conditions.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia may include:

Fatigue

Pale skin

Shortness of breath

Rapid or irregular heartbeat

Easy bruising or bleeding

Increased infections

Diagnosis of aplastic anemia is typically made through a combination of blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and medical history. Treatment may involve blood transfusions, bone marrow transplantation, immunosuppressive therapy, or supportive care, depending on the severity and cause of the condition

Investigation 

The following investigations may be performed to diagnose aplastic anemia:

Complete Blood Count (CBC): This is the most common test used to diagnose aplastic anemia. It measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood.

Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy: In this procedure, a small sample of bone marrow is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if the bone marrow is producing enough blood cells.

Peripheral Blood Smear: This test involves looking at a sample of blood under a microscope to see if the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets appear normal.

Serological Tests: These tests measure the levels of antibodies and other substances in the blood to determine if an underlying infection or autoimmune disease is causing the aplastic anemia.

Cytogenetic Studies: This test involves looking at the chromosomes in the cells of the bone marrow to determine if there are any genetic abnormalities that may be causing the aplastic anemia.

Genetic Testing: In some cases, genetic testing may be performed to determine if there is a genetic predisposition to aplastic anemia